Graphite Electrode Density and Applications

Research on graphite electrodes with high energy density has been sparked by the increasing demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs). The graphite anode in a typical Li-ion Battery (LIB) has a tapping density of 2.25gcc-1. It translates into volumetric energy density over 770WhL-1. The graphite electrode's low electronic and ionic conductivity makes it difficult to obtain a higher tapping density. It also limits the diffusion rate of Li+ and electrons on the electrode. This prevents reversible electrochemical extraction/insertion of Li+ ions, resulting in a serious capacity reduction.

Researchers have come up with a variety of modifications that can improve the performance. One method is to incorporate a nonionic polymer such as cyclodextrin/poly(N-acetylaniline)/CNT composite on the graphite surface. The polymer offers antifouling properties and does not interfere with the voltammetric peaks of ST, AA, and DA.

A hybrid cathode made of graphite and LFP dispersed is another way to modify the electrode. This approach increases both the electronic conductivity and structural stability of graphite. The hybrid electrode has a higher rate of capability, a larger operating voltage range and greater cycling stability. It's also metal-free.

Graphite electrodes are also used for several industrial applications, including as molds and dies for casting ferrous and nonferrous metals, such as grey and ductile irons, bronzes, zincs, coppers, and noble metals. Graphite electrodes are also used to make furnace linings for boats, crucibles and crucibles. In an electrical furnace, the electrodes will be heated to about 3000 degC.

In addition, graphite is a key material for nuclear waste management. It contains large amounts carbon-14, that can be turned into electricity with betavoltaic batteries. This technology can provide low-power power for portable devices like cell phones and laptops.

Researchers performed XRPD operando on commercial pouch cell cells, which were cycled in different current density conditions. The XRPD results show that graphite does grow in size, not decrease. The result was a 30% increase in the electrode's particle size during cycling. The XRPD shows that the graphite molecular composition is stable even after cycling.

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