The production of steel from scrap metal requires the use of graphite electrodes. They are part the furnace lid, and carry an electric current that creates a hot arc that melts the steel scrap. The electrodes are different sizes, and can range from 0.75 metres to 2.8 meters in length. The electrodes can weigh as much as two metric tonnes.
The electrodes in these electric arcs furnaces (EAFs) are used to melt scrap metals and other raw materials. The material is heated up to about 3,000 degrees Celsius. That's almost half of the temperature at the surface the sun. Graphite is the only material that can withstand this extreme heat. The arc creates a high level of dust which must be contained and disposed safely.
Graphite electrodes can be made of natural or synthetic graphite. They are used in many industrial applications, including metal fabrication and aeronautic engineering. EDM, or electrical discharge machining, is the most popular application. It uses a high-voltage spark to cut materials that are hard and dense such as tooling steel and tungsten carbide. Graphite is durable and resistant to wear due to high temperatures and sharp edges. This makes them ideal for high precision applications.
Graphite's electrical conductivity and its stability are important factors when it comes to using it as an electrode. It is a material with excellent chemical resistance and low density. It is also cost-effective and easy to manufacture. Graphite may be purchased as rods or plates. It is also available in powder form. 3D graphite electrodes, such as those produced by extrusion-spheronization, have high volumetric surface area and are relatively inexpensive.
PGEs can be surface-modified to detect pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds. PGEs are coated with enzymes like glucose oxidase, which is used to measure glucose levels in solutions. They can also be coated using nanomaterials as well as platinum or carbon nanotubes. Surface-modified graphite is another way to improve its electrocatalytic capabilities.
Early graphite cathodes tended to be carbon rods or sheets, which were limited in surface area with poor H2O2 yields and CE [166]. The polymer modified graphite electrodes had great potential for ORR, because they prevented the hydrogen gas from aggregating. However, these electrodes had low current density and a high activation energies for ORR.
Researchers have developed an innovative method for producing highly active graphite electrodes using flame-annealing. This process can increase PGE electrodes' specific surface area by ten times and make them more active. The PGEs also have a higher ORR activity than graphite cathodes. They can also be modified to improve ORR performance or make them more suitable for DNA detection. Finaly, the modified PGE technology was tested in an aqueous containing ascorbic and nickel ferrite solution for the detection of paracetamol. Results confirmed its validity. But further improvements are necessary to create a cost-effective and practical alternative to sensors that use other types of materials.
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